The Is An Innate Characteristic Of Humans - 1435 Words

Curiosity is an innate characteristic of humans. Why are we here? How did life start? What happened at the beginning of time? How does everything fit together? These are seminal questions that plagued our ancestors and currently plague us. Answering these seemingly impossible questions is the role of science, specifically physics, in humanity. At the beginning of the quest to understand the universe in its entirety was Aristotle and his Aristotelian physics. While in the future Aristotelian physics would turn out to be completely incorrect, his original ideas and theories were paramount in the development of modern science, and are evident in a wide array of fields. However, it was not until humanity accepted the flaws in Aristotelian physics that humanity made any progress toward more fully understanding the laws of the universe. While Aristotelian physics was entirely wrong in a multitude of ways, it was still needed to form a basis for the modern method of discovery, as well as a shift from logic-based theories to observation-based theories. Furthermore, the majority of theories in the history of science are, at first, incorrect. Historically, the process of error discovery has been the main method of progression in the sciences. This process is observed from theory of universal gravitation to the theory of general relativity, and from statistical mechanics and thermodynamics to the theory of quantum mechanics. The cycle of theorizing and rejecting is a necessity to theShow MoreRelatedThe Conception Of Morality Is Present Throughout Human Civilization1181 Words   |  5 Pagesconception of morality is present throughout human civilization. In every society, there exists a paradigm for how one should act. From a broad perspective, it seems that there are some moral principles which are ubiquitous. There are certain activities or behaviors which are believed to be objectively wrong by the majority of individuals across cultures, such as murder, lying, steali ng, and betrayal. This indicates that there are virtues—respect for human life, honesty, loyalty—which are inherent inRead MoreIdentity : Socially Constructed Or Innate?1348 Words   |  6 Pages1 Student’s Name Professor’s Name Course Date Identity: Socially Constructed or Innate? The issue of whether identity is socially constructed or an innate characteristic remains a contested one. For some, identity is a product of the society, interactions, influence, and practices while for others, it is biological or rather primordial. At the very basic, identity is an essential personal characteristics as it encompasses the membership to different groups, including religion, gender, and ethnicityRead MoreOutline Key Features of the Evolutionary Perspective Explanation of Attachment and Evaluate751 Words   |  4 Pagesevolutionary perspective of attachment was researched by the famous John Bowlby in 1969. Bowlby observed both humans and mammals. Bowlby s theory is an evolutionary theory, he emphasised that attachment had evolved, which means it was not something that was taught, because of its survival and reproductive value. According to Bowlby, children have an innate (inborn characteristics which are genetically determined) drive to become attached to a caregiver as attachment has numerous long term benefitsRead MoreRelationship Between Nature And Nurture1262 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of humans. Nurture versus nature is a common argument on how people psychologically develop. Although some support that innate characteristics are the crucial factor towards how people mentally advance, the environment we live in and the people we are surrounded by does play a significant role in how we progress. Aspects of nature and nurture are observed in each of the current psychological perspectives, but how each one helps with the psychological development of humans can be similarRead MoreThe Effect Of Environmental And Genetics On The Development Of A Person1000 Words   |  4 Pagesof a person. It has long been established that certain physical characteristics are biologically determined by genetic inheritance. Color of eyes, the texture and color of one’s hair, pigmentation of the skin and certain diseases are all a function of the genes we inherit.   Other physical characteristics, if not determined, appear to be at least strongly influenced by the genetic make-up of our biological parents. Characteristics such as height, weight, hair loss, life expectancy and vulnerabilityRead MoreFoil Characters In Lord Of The Flies1477 Words   |  6 PagesHuman’s innate behavior after the constraints and expectations of society disappear is the recurring theme centering the characters. William Golding’s Lord of the Flies uses the righteous Simon to highlight Jack and his evil role throughout the novel of savagery and civilization. The foil characters in Lord of the Flies exhibit the contrasting ideals and characteristics, the dissimilar symbolism of both chara cters, and the circumstances which lead both characters to follow one’s natural tendenciesRead More The Origin Of Language Essay1541 Words   |  7 Pagesanimals have language capabilities and even more specifically to the Sapir-Whorf human language thought debate, however, is not always clear. From a human context we know that language is a skill which allows us to communicate our thoughts to others and in so doing to attain desired quot;biological, cognitive, and social/behavioral feedbackquot; (McDonnell, 1977). The question as to whether language is a skill that human beings are born with or whether it is a skill that is acquired is a complex oneRead MoreThe Concept Of Intrinsic Motivation Theory852 Words   |  4 PagesIn addition to Maslow’s self- actualization and moreover, there is self-determination theory (SDT), which suggests that people are motivated to grow and change by innate psychological needs. The theory identifies three key psychological needs tha t are believed to be both innate and universal: the needs for competence, connectedness and autonomy. The concept of intrinsic motivation plays an important role in self-determination theory. Psychologists Edward Deci and Richard Ryan developed SDT andRead MoreHow Music Affects The Human Mind And Body Essay1291 Words   |  6 Pagesproduct of the combination of the innate characteristics that reside in all humans and the environmental influence one experiences with age. There is no definitive answer. In Daniel J. Levitin’s book This Is Your Brain on Music, Levitin sheds a little bit of light on the question of why and how music affects the human mind and body. The mind has this connection to its primal roots which allows for some special effects in music to trigger some innate feature in humans and release a new feeling. DanielRead MoreThe Psychological Characteristics Of Breast Cancer1406 Words   |  6 PagesIt has long been known that certain physical characteristics are biologically determined by genetic inheritance. Color of eyes, straight or curly hair, pigmentation of the skin and certain diseases (such as Huntingdon’s chorea) are all a function of the genes we inherit. Other physical characteristics, if not determined, appear to be at least strongly influenced by the genetic make-up of our biological parents. Height, weight, hair loss (in men), life expectancy and vulnerability to specific illnesses

Essay about Should the Government Have a Say in Americans...

Most people say that the government’s role, in our diets, is the key for a healthier life. While others may argue that it is freedom of choice to eat whatever we want. However depending on the point of view, the government’s role in shaping what we consume is either a compulsory intervention or a blatant interference on American free will. Even though we hear a good argument on the government controlling our diets, most research show that the involvement of the government on our diets has shown little to no results. The most supportive argument why people are in an agreement with the government controlling what we eat is because of all the obese people in the country with medical problems. In fact obesity is one of the many problems†¦show more content†¦The Federal government for years has told people what they should and should not put in their bodies. Whether it’s Tran’s fat or cigarettes, sugar or alcohol, saturated or salt, legislators and regulators pick things off our table because they think they know better. For example, considering the widespread of obesity in America, it is substantiated by statistics that â€Å"the cost of obesity is currently estimated at $190 billion per year† and the bad thing about it’s coming from taxpayers. (Experts, The) I have several issues with this statement: first, the simple fact that the government is spending money on a disease that humans caused on themselves. According to the article† What Causes Obesity?â₠¬  it is stated that â€Å"The risk factors that contribute to obesity can be a complex combination of genetics, socioeconomic factors, metabolic factors and lifestyle choices†. Sadly, citizens have not much choice but to pay higher taxes. And finally, the simple fact that the government is spending money on ineffective solutions. According to the article, ‘Government Intervention Will Not Solve Our Obesity Problem’, it is stated that â€Å"despite the myriad of studies showing American obesity is increasing, research does not clearly support that government can solve this complex problem’ (Marlow) For example, the government solution of adding calories counts on the menu. A recent study has shown that â€Å"27.7 percent who saw the calorie labeling† hadShow MoreRelatedGovernment Should Have A Say In Our Diets Essay940 Words   |  4 PagesThe fact is that in our country, any government intrusion looks undesirable. We are so used to making free c hoice and to having access to everything we need and want that we have already forgotten the value and usefulness of the government control. No, that does not mean that the government must control everything and everyone. What I mean here is that the government control should be balanced with the freedom of choice. Unfortunately, plentiful foods do not lead to improved health conditions. WeRead MoreGovernment Regulation Of The United States1546 Words   |  7 PagesThe government has always played a very strong role in the laws of the United States and in the lives of people who live in this country. At times in history, the government has been too strict on its people other times.These leaders have, however, failed to achieve a successful medium between these two treatments. The situation is similar to this one when dealing with most everything that the government has any type of control over. Although there are opposing sides which either argue for strictRead MoreWhat Should We E at By Michael Pollan1333 Words   |  6 Pages For many decades there have been major debates on peoples eating habits in the United States. Rather its okay to eat whatever citizens want, or letting the government interfere by putting regulations. In the reading section of â€Å"What Should We Eat† from the They Say I Say book, Authors express their opinions and evidence upon what is right as well wrong in the way people eat and the way they do. Michael Pollan, writer of Escape From the Western Diet, Michael Pollan emphasizes on havingRead More`` Escape From The Western Diet By Michael Pollan Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom the western diet†, claims that the fast food industry is one of the main reasons why people struggle with their health. He believes that the processed food we consume gives us harmful deceases. Pollan urges us to listen to his words to avoid the western diet, he preaches that we should start eating healthier and to put more time and effort when it comes to buying food. Pollan provides us with his rules as well and claims that it will help us plot our way out of the western diet. Also, Pollan informsRead MoreWhy Does America Have An Obesity Problem?1600 Words   |  7 PagesWhy does America have an obesity problem? Do we blame it on ourselves, the government, or the supermarket? It is obviously and individual’s responsibility to keep one’s self healthy, but are there ways the government can strive for an overall healthier diet for Americans? Can we change the manipulative ways of Super Markets and persuade them to look past profit? The American government should put in effort to provide a better dietary path for American citizens by working on motivating individualsRead MoreFood And Diet Essay790 Words   |  4 PagesFood and Diet â€Å"Let food be thy medicine.† - Hippocrates. Everything that people eat affects them in a certain way. The American diet has seen some insane changes over time and has caused more issues now than it has ever done before. There has been many studies that show that people’s diets have connections with diseases and people should know about this. There are many claims that say that the things the majority of the people eat are related to the diseases they get. In the video, What theRead MoreShould The Government Have A?1510 Words   |  7 Pages Should the Government Have a Say in Our Diets? Every time we read some magazine or local news, we are going to find some article related to weight management. Obesity is increasing incredibly in our society. That is why the government has intervened in this issue. The Hunger Free Kids Acts, is a federal statute signed in 2010. Michelle Obama established this bill in her fight against childhood obesity. In spite of the government try to make a change in favor of the nutritionalRead MoreDavid Zinczenkos DonT Blame The Eater : We Is Responsible For A Healthy Lifestyle?1319 Words   |  6 Pagesblame others for their health issues and demand that the government or health insurance companies pay for their medicals. Meanwhile, it is believed that we are responsible for our health. According to David Zinczenko ’s â€Å"Don’t Blame the Eater†, he believes that the government should be responsible for our health. On the other hand, Radley Balko’s â€Å"What You Eat Is Your Problem† does not support Zin czenko’s idea. Balko believes that each person should be responsible for their own health and what they eatRead MoreThe Food Industry Is Good At Selling Half Truths1480 Words   |  6 Pages Many people have had that moment where they have stared at themselves in the mirror and felt self-conscious about their appearance or felt that they needed to change something about themselves to feel socially accepted. Physical appearance tends to influence many children, teenagers, and adults in their eating habits. More than that people have to realize that obesity does not only impact their physical appearance, but it is a health hazard. Between 1977 and 2000 Americans have doubled their intakeRead MoreShould The Government Control What We Eat?979 Words   |  4 PagesShould the Government Control What We Eat? What if tomorrow’s news headline read, â€Å"U.S. GOVERNMENT BANS THE SALE OF KRISPY KREME DOUGHNUTS?† How would the country react? According to a study released by the National Center for Health Statistics (2008), â€Å"32.7% of American adults were overweight†¦an additional 34.3% were obese, and that 5.9% were extremely obese† (McGuinness 43). Americans are overweight and obesity is the cause of tens of thousands of preventable deaths in the nation each year

Foundation and Empire 20. Conspirator Free Essays

string(36) " move from town to town these days\." The mayor’s palace – what was once the mayor’s palace – was a looming smudge in the darkness. The city was quiet under its conquest and curfew, and the hazy milk of the great Galactic Lens, with here and there a lonely star, dominated the sky of the Foundation. In three centuries the Foundation had grown from a private project of a small group of scientists to a tentacular trade empire sprawling deep into the Galaxy and half a year had flung it from its heights to the status of another conquered province. We will write a custom essay sample on Foundation and Empire 20. Conspirator or any similar topic only for you Order Now Captain Han Pritcher refused to grasp that. The city’s sullen nighttime quiet, the darkened palace, intruder-occupied, were symbolic enough, but Captain Han Pritcher, just within the outer gate of the palace, with the tiny nuclear bomb under his tongue, refused to understand. A shape drifted closer – the captain bent his head. The whisper came deathly low, â€Å"The alarm system is as it always was, captain. Proceed! It will register nothing.† Softly, the captain ducked through the low archway, and down the fountain-lined path to what had been Indbur’s garden. Four months ago had been the day in the Time Vault, the fullness of which his memory balked at. Singly and separately the impressions would come back, unwelcome, mostly at night. Old Seldon speaking his benevolent words that were so shatteringly wrong – the jumbled confusion – Indbur, with his mayoral costume incongruously bright about his pinched, unconscious face – the frightened crowds gathering quickly, waiting noiselessly for the inevitable word of surrender – the young man, Toran, disappearing out of a side door with the Mule’s clown dangling over his shoulder. And himself, somehow out of it all afterward, with his car unworkable. Shouldering his way along and through the leaderless mob that was already leaving the city – destination unknown. Making blindly for the various rat holes which were – which had once been – the headquarters for a democratic underground that for eighty years had been failing and dwindling. And the rat holes were empty. The next day, black alien ships were momentarily visible in the sky, sinking gently into the clustered buildings of the nearby city. Captain Han Pritcher felt an accumulation of helplessness and despair drown him. He started his travels in earnest. In thirty days he had covered nearly two hundred miles on foot, changed to the clothing of a worker in the hydroponic factories whose body he found newly-dead by the side of the road, grown a fierce beard of russet intensity And found what was left of the underground. The city was Newton, the district a residential one of one-time elegance slowly edging towards squalor, the house an undistinguished member of a row, and the man a small-eyed, big-boned whose knotted fists bulged through his pockets and whose wiry body remained unbudgingly in the narrow door opening. The captain mumbled, â€Å"I come from Miran.† The man returned the gambit, grimly. â€Å"Miran is early this year.† The captain said, â€Å"No earlier than last year.† But the man did not step aside. He said, â€Å"Who are you?† â€Å"Aren’t you Fox?† â€Å"Do you always answer by asking?† The captain took an imperceptibly longer breath, and then said calmly, â€Å"I am Han Pritcher, Captain of the Fleet, and member of the Democratic Underground Party. Will you let me in?† The Fox stepped aside. He said, â€Å"My real name is Orum Palley.† He held out his hand. The captain took it. The room was well-kept, but not lavish. In one comer stood a decorative book-film projector, which to the captain’s military eyes might easily have been a camouflaged blaster of respectable caliber. The projecting lens covered the doorway, and such could be remotely controlled. The Fox followed his bearded guest’s eyes, and smiled tightly. He said, â€Å"Yes! But only in the days of Indbur and his lackey-hearted vampires. It wouldn’t do much against the Mule, eh? Nothing would help against the Mule. Are you hungry?† The captain’s jaw muscles tightened beneath his beard, and he nodded. â€Å"It’ll take a minute if you don’t mind waiting.† The Fox removed cans from a cupboard and placed two before Captain Pritcher. â€Å"Keep your finger on it, and break them when they’re hot enough. My heat-control unit’s out of whack. Things like that remind you there’s a war on – or was on, eh?† His quick words had a jovial content, but were said in anything but a jovial tone – and his eyes were coldly thoughtful. He sat down opposite the captain and said, â€Å"There’ll be nothing but a burn-spot left where you’re sitting, if there’s anything about you I don’t like. Know that?† The captain did not answer. The cans before him opened at a pressure. The Fox said, shortly, â€Å"Stew! Sorry, but the food situation is short.† â€Å"I know,† said the captain. He ate quickly; not looking up. The Fox said, â€Å"I once saw you. I’m trying to remember, and the beard is definitely out of the picture.† â€Å"I haven’t shaved in thirty days.† Then, fiercely, â€Å"What do you want? I had the correct passwords. I have identification.† The other waved a hand, â€Å"Oh, I’ll grant you’re Pritcher all right. But there are plenty who have the passwords, and the identifications, and the identities – who are with the Mule. Ever hear of Levvaw, eh?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"He’s with the Mule.† â€Å"What? He-â€Å" â€Å"Yes. He was the man they called ‘No Surrender.'† The Fox’s lips made laughing motions, with neither sound nor humor. â€Å"Then there’s Willig. With the Mule! Garre and Noth. With the Mule! Why not Pritcher as well, eh? How would I know?† The captain merely shook his head. â€Å"But it doesn’t matter,† said the Fox, softly. â€Å"They must have my name, if Noth has gone over – so if you’re legitimate, you’re in more new danger than I am over our acquaintanceship.† The captain had finished eating. He leaned back, â€Å"If you have no organization here, where can I find one? The Foundation may have surrendered, but I haven’t.† â€Å"So! You can’t wander forever, captain. Men of the Foundation must have travel permits to move from town to town these days. You read "Foundation and Empire 20. Conspirator" in category "Essay examples" You know that? Also identity cards. You have one? Also, all officers of the old Navy have been requested to report to the nearest occupation headquarters. That’s you, eh?† â€Å"Yes.† The captain’s voice was hard. â€Å"Do you think I run through fear. I was on Kalgan not long after its fall to the Mule. Within a month, not one of the old warlord’s officers was at large, because they were the natural military leaders of any revolt. It’s always been the underground’s knowledge that no revolution can be successful without the control of at least part of the Navy. The Mule evidently knows it, too.† The Fox nodded thoughtfully, â€Å"Logical enough. The Mule is thorough.† â€Å"I discarded the uniform as soon as I could. I grew the beard. Afterwards there may be a chance that others have taken the same action.† â€Å"Are you married?† â€Å"My wife is dead. I have no children. â€Å"You’re hostage-immune, then.† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"You want my advice?† â€Å"If you have any.† A don’t know what the Mule’s policy is or what he intends, but skilled workers have not been harmed so far. Pay rates have gone up. Production of all sorts of nuclear weapons is booming.† â€Å"Yes? Sounds like a continuing offensive.† â€Å"I don’t know. The Mule’s a subtle son of a drab, and he may merely be soothing the workers into submission. If Seldon couldn’t figure him out with all his psychohistory, I’m not going to try. But you’re wearing work clothes. That suggests something, eh?† â€Å"I’m not a skilled worker.† â€Å"You’ve had a military course in nucleics, haven’t you?† â€Å"Certainly.† â€Å"That’s enough. The Nuclear-Field Bearings, Inc., is located here in town. Tell them you’ve had experience. The stinkers who used to run the factory for Indbur are still running it – for the Mule. They won’t ask questions, as long as they need more workers to make their fat hunk. They’ll give you an identity card and you can apply for a room in the Corporation’s housing district. You might start now.† In that manner, Captain Han Pritcher of the National Fleet became Shield-man Lo Moro of the 45 Shop of Nuclear-Field Bearings, Inc. And from an Intelligence agent, he descended the social scale to â€Å"conspirator†- a calling which led him months later to what had been Indbur’s private garden, In the garden, Captain Pritcher consulted the radometer in the palm of his hand. The inner warning field was still in operation, and he waited. Half an hour remained to the life of the nuclear bomb in his mouth. He rolled it gingerly with his tongue. The radometer died into an ominous darkness and the captain advanced quickly. So far, matters had progressed well. He reflected objectively that the life of the nuclear bomb was his as well; that its death was his death – and the Mule’s death. And the grand climacteric of a four-month’s private war would be reached; a war that had passed from flight through a Newton factory For two months, Captain Pritcher wore leaden aprons and heavy face shields, till all things military had been frictioned off his outer bearing. He was a laborer, who collected his pay, spent his evenings in town, and never discussed politics. For two months, he did not see the Fox. And then, one day, a man stumbled past his bench, and there was a scrap of paper in his pocket. The word â€Å"Fox† was on it. He tossed it into the nuclear chamber, where it vanished in a sightless puff, sending the energy output up a millimicrovolt – and turned back to his work. That night he was at the Fox’s home, and took a hand in a game of cards with two other men he knew by reputation and one by name and face. Over the cards and the passing and repassing tokens, they spoke. The captain said, â€Å"It’s a fundamental error. You live in the exploded past. For eighty years our organization has been waiting for the correct historical moment. We’ve been blinded by Seldon’s psychohistory, one of the first propositions of which is that the individual does not count, does not make history, and that complex social and economic factors override him, make a puppet out of him.† He adjusted his cards carefully, appraised their value and said, as he put out a token. â€Å"Why not kill the Mule?† â€Å"Well, now, and what good would that do?† demanded the man at his left, fiercely. â€Å"You see,† said the captain, discarding two cards, â€Å"that’s the attitude. What is one man – out of quadrillions. The Galaxy won’t stop rotating because one man dies. But the Mule is not a man, he is a mutant. Already, he had upset Seldon’s plan, and if you’ll stop to analyze the implications, it means that he – one man – one mutant – upset all of Seldon’s psychohistory. If he had never lived, the Foundation would not have fallen. If he ceased living, it would not remain fallen. â€Å"Come, the democrats have fought the mayors and the traders for eighty years by connivery. Let’s try assassination.† â€Å"How?† interposed the Fox, with cold common sense. The captain said, slowly, â€Å"I’ve spent three months of thought on that with no solution. I came here and had it in five minutes.† He glanced briefly at the man whose broad, pink melon of a face smiled from the place at his right. â€Å"You were once Mayor Indbur’s chamberlain. I did not know you were of the underground,† â€Å"Nor I, that you were.† â€Å"Well, then, in your capacity as chamberlain you periodically checked the working of the alarm system of the palace.† â€Å"I did.† â€Å"And the Mule occupies the palace now.† â€Å"So it has been announced – though he is a modest conqueror who makes no speeches, proclamations nor public appearances of any sort.† â€Å"That’s an old story, and affects nothing. You, my ex-chamberlain, are all we need.† The cards were shown and the Fox collected the stakes. Slowly, he dealt a new hand. The man who had once been chamberlain picked up his cards, singly. â€Å"Sorry, captain. I checked the alarm system, but it was routine. I know nothing about it.† â€Å"I expected that, but your mind carries an eidetic memory of the controls if it can be probed deeply enough – with a psychic probe.† The chamberlain’s ruddy face paled suddenly and sagged. The cards in his hand crumpled under sudden fist-pressure, â€Å"A psychic probe?† â€Å"You needn’t worry,† said the captain, sharply. â€Å"I know how to use one. It will not harm you past a few days’ weakness. And if it did, it is the chance you take and the price you pay. There are some among us, no doubt, who from the controls of the alarm could determine the wavelength combinations. There are some among us who could manufacture a small bomb under time-control and I myself will carry it to the Mule.† The men gathered over the table. The captain announced, â€Å"On a given evening, a riot will start in Terminus City in the neighborhood of the palace. No real fighting. Disturbance – then flight. As long as the palace guard is attracted†¦ or, at the very least, distracted-â€Å" From that day for a month the preparations went on, and Captain Han Pritcher of the National Fleet having become conspirator descended further in the social scale and became an â€Å"assassin.† Captain Pritcher, assassin, was in the palace itself, and found himself grimly pleased with his psychology. A thorough alarm system outside meant few guards within. In this case, it meant none at all. The floor plan was clear in his mind. He was a blob moving noiselessly up the well-carpeted ramp. At its head, he flattened against the wall and waited. The small closed door of a private room was before him. Behind that door must be the mutant who had beaten the unbeatable. He was early – the bomb had ten minutes of life in it. Five of these passed, and still in all the world there was no sound. The Mule had five minutes to live – So had Captain Pritcher- He stepped forward on sudden impulse. The plot could no longer fail. When the bomb went, the palace would go with it – all the palace. A door between – ten yards between – was nothing. But he wanted to see the Mule as they died together. In a last, insolent gesture, he thundered upon the door. And it opened and let out the blinding light. Captain Pritcher staggered, then caught himself. The solemn man, standing in the center of the small room before a suspended fish bowl, looked up mildly. His uniform was a somber black, and as he tapped the bowl in an absent gesture, it bobbed quickly and the feather-finned, orange and vermilion fish within darted wildly. He said, â€Å"Come in, captain!† To the captain’s quivering tongue the little metal globe beneath was swelling ominously – a physical impossibility, the captain knew. But it was in its last minute of life. The uniformed man said, â€Å"You had better spit out the foolish pellet and free yourself for speech. It won’t blast.† The minute passed and with a slow, sodden motion the captain bent his head and dropped the silvery globe into his palm. With a furious force it was flung against the wall. It rebounded with a tiny, sharp clangor, gleaming harmlessly as it flew. The uniformed man shrugged. â€Å"So much for that, then. It would have done you no good in any case, captain. I am not the Mule. You will have to be satisfied with his viceroy.† â€Å"How did you know?† muttered the captain, thickly. â€Å"Blame it on an efficient counter-espionage system. I can name every member of your little gang, every step of their planning-â€Å" â€Å"And you let it go this far?† â€Å"Why not? It has been one of my great purposes here to find you and some others. Particularly you. I might have had you some months ago, while you were still a worker at the Newton Bearings Works, but this is much better. If you hadn’t suggested the main outlines of the plot yourself, one of my own men would have advanced something of much the same sort for you. The result is quite dramatic, and rather grimly humorous.† The captain’s eyes were hard. â€Å"I find it so, too. Is it all over now?† â€Å"Just begun. Come, captain, sit down. Let us leave heroics for the fools who are impressed by it. Captain, you are a capable man. According to the information I have, you were the first on the Foundation to recognize the power of the Mule. Since then you have interested yourself, rather daringly, in the Mule’s early life. You have been one of those who carried off his clown, who, incidentally, has not yet been found, and for which there will yet be full payment. Naturally, your ability is recognized and the Mule is not of those who fear the ability of his enemies as long as he can convert it into the ability of a new friend.† â€Å"Is that what you’re hedging up to? Oh, no!† â€Å"Oh, yes! It was the purpose of tonight’s comedy. You are an intelligent man, yet your little conspiracies against die Mule fail humorously. You can scarcely dignify it with the name of conspiracy. Is it part of your military training to waste ships in hopeless actions?† â€Å"One must first admit them to be hopeless.† â€Å"One will,† the viceroy assured him, gently. â€Å"The Mule has conquered the Foundation, It is rapidly being turned into an arsenal for accomplishment of his greater aims.† â€Å"What greater aims?† â€Å"The conquest of the entire Galaxy. The reunion of all the tom worlds into a new Empire. The fulfillment, you dull-witted patriot, of your own Seldon’s dream seven hundred years before he hoped to see it. And in the fulfillment, you can help us.† â€Å"I can, undoubtedly. But I won’t, undoubtedly.† â€Å"I understand,† reasoned the viceroy, â€Å"that only three of the Independent Trading Worlds yet resist. They will not last much longer. It will be the last of all Foundation forces. You still hold out.† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Yet you won’t. A voluntary recruit is the, most efficient. But the other kind will do. Unfortunately, the Mule is absent. He leads the fight, as always, against the resisting Traders. But he is in continual contact with us. You will not have to wait long.† â€Å"For what?† â€Å"For your conversion. â€Å"The Mule,† said the captain, frigidly, â€Å"will find that beyond his ability.† â€Å"But he won’t. I was not beyond it. You don’t recognize me? Come, you were on Kalgan, so you have seen me. I wore a monocle, a fur-lined scarlet robe, a high-crowned hat-â€Å" The captain stiffened in dismay. â€Å"You were the warlord of Kalgan.† â€Å"Yes. And now I am the loyal viceroy of the Mule. You see, he is persuasive.† How to cite Foundation and Empire 20. Conspirator, Essay examples

Submersible Pump Application Essay Sample free essay sample

The system consists of a submergible pump controlled by a Danfoss VLT AQUA Drive and a force per unit area sender. The sender gives a 4-20 ma feedback signal to the VLT AQUA Drive. which keeps a changeless force per unit area by commanding the velocity of the pump. To plan a thrust for a submergible pump application. there are a few of import issues to take into consideration. Therefore the thrust used must be chosen harmonizing to motor current. 1. The motor is a so called â€Å"Can motor† with a unstained steel can between the rotor and stator. There is a larger and a more magnetic resistant air-gap than on a normal motor hence a weaker field which consequences in the motors being designed with a higher rated current than a norm motor with similar rated power. 2. The pump contains thrust bearings which will be damaged when running below lower limit velocity which usually will be 30 Hz. We will write a custom essay sample on Submersible Pump Application Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3. The motor reactance is nonlinear in submergible pump motors and hence Automatic Motor Adaption ( AMA ) may non be possible. However. usually submergible pumps are operated with really long motor overseas telegrams that might extinguish the nonlinear motor reactance and enable the thrust to execute AMA. If AMA fails. the motor informations can be set from parametric quantity group 1-3* ( see motor datasheet ) . Be cognizant that if AMA has succeeded the thrust will counterbalance for electromotive force bead in the long motor overseas telegrams. so if the Advanced motor informations are set manually. the length of the motor overseas telegram must be taken into considerations to optimise system public presentation. 4. It is of import that the system is operated with a lower limit of wear and tear of the pump and motor. A Danfoss Sine-Wave filter can take down the motor insularity emphasis and addition life-time ( look into existent motor insularity and VLT AQUA Drive du/dt specific ation ) . It is recommended to utilize a filter to cut down the demand for service. 5. EMC public presentation can be hard to accomplish due to the fact that the particular pump overseas telegram which is able to defy the wet conditions in the well usually is unscreened. A solution could be to utilize a screened overseas telegram above the well and repair the screen to the well pipe if it is made of steel ( can besides be made of plastic ) . A Sine-Wave filter will besides cut down the EMI from unscreened motor overseas telegrams. The particular â€Å"can motor† is used due to the wet installing conditions. The thrust needs to be designed for the system harmonizing to end product current to be able to run the motor at nominal power. To forestall harm to the thrust bearings of the pump. it is of import to rage the pump from halt to min. velocity every bit speedy as possible. Well-known makers of submergible pumps recommend that the pump is ramped to min. velocity ( 30 Hz ) in soap. 2 -3 seconds. The new VLT © AQUA Drive is designed with Initial and Final Ramp for these applications. The Initial and Final inclines are 2 single inclines. where Initial Ramp. if enabled. will rage the motor from halt to min. velocity and automatically exchange to normal incline. when min. velocity is reached. Final incline will make the antonym from min. velocity to halt in a stop state of affairs. Pipe-Fill manner can be enabled to forestall H2O hammering. The Danfoss VLT AQUA Drive is capable of make fulling perpendicular pipes utilizing the PID accountant to easy rage up the force per unit area with a user specified rate ( units/sec ) . If enabled the thrust will. when it reaches min. velocity after startup. enter pipe fill manner. The force per unit area will easy be ramped up until it reaches a user specified Filled Set Point. where after the thrust automatically disables Pipe Fill Mode and continues in normal closed cringle operation. This characteristic is designed for irrigation applications.

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper Gatsby # 8217 ; s Dream A symbol is defined as something that stands for or suggests something else by ground of relationship, association, convention, or inadvertent resemblance. In the novel The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he uses the green visible radiation, the East and West egg, and T.J Eckleburg to demo how the American Dream is present and affects each of the characters. The American Dream is different for different people, but in The Great Gatsby, for Gatsby, the dream is that through wealth and power one can accomplish felicity. The green visible radiation symbolizes Gatsby # 8217 ; s American Dream. Gatsby has spent his whole life looking for something better. # 8220 ; So he invented the kind of Jay Gatsby that a 17 twelvemonth old male child would be probably to contrive, and to this construct he was faithful to the terminal ( pg. 29 ) . # 8221 ; Gatsby was so determined to do a better life for himself, that he invented up person he would wish to be. We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He did this all for money, success, credence, and Daisy. Yet, no affair how much he acquires he neer feels complete. Even when he has his big house full of interesting people and all their attending, he still longs for Daisy. He created in his dreams for the hereafter a topographic point for her, and he will non be content to hold that agape hole. The green visible radiation suggests about the American Dream is that the American Dream is non material ownerships, although it may look that manner. Gatsby merely comes into wealths so that he can carry through his true American Dream, Daisy. # 8220 ; Gatsby believed in the green visible radiation, the orgastic hereafter that twelvemonth by twelvemonth recedes before us. It eluded us so, but that # 8217 ; s no matter-tomorrow we will run quicker, stretch out our weaponries farther ( pg.158 ) # 8230 ; # 8221 ; In this quotation mark Nick is linking the green visible radiation to all people. For everyone has something that they long an d hunt for that is merely away in the distance. Fitzgerald uses the word careless a batch in depicting most of the people and events in this book. There seems to be no fright of effect, of judgement. So who is making the judgement? That is, in portion, what the eyes of T.J Eckleburg are at that place for. These eyes are from a hoarding that looks over Wilson # 8217 ; s garage. The eyes are mentioned whenever Nick is at that place. They look over the state of affairs, objectively, but offer a sort of judgement on the characters and their actions. They are placed near Wilson # 8217 ; s because that is where some of the most selfish Acts of the Apostless take topographic point: Myrtle # 8217 ; s decease and Tom # 8217 ; s matter. All these offenses go unpunished. So the eyes look on and remind the characters of the guilt that they forget to hold for what they have done. What the eyes suggest about the American Dream is that one time people have achieved the American Dream or are in the procedure of accomplishing it, they lose all moral values. They don # 8217 ; t experience guilt or sorrow for anything they have done. The Great Gatsby trades with moral issues in modern society. The issue that the characters trade with is the corruptness of values and the diminution of religious life. The fresh trades with the early ideals of the first colonists. Fitzgerald relates Gatsby’s dream to that of the early Americans at the terminal of the novel, Nick recalls the former Dutch crewmans and compare their sense of admiration with Gatsby’s hope. The book investigates how Americans lost their religious intent as stuff success took power over their ends. The lives of the Buchanans were filled with stuff amenitiess and luxuries, and it lacked purpose. What the Buchanans suggest about the American Dream is that when people strive to carry through their American Dream, they frequently lose their religious intent. That accomplishing the American Dream may non be the best thing in life. # 8220 ; I # 8217 ; m glad it # 8217 ; s a miss. And I hope she # 8217 ; ll be a fool-that # 8217 ; s the best thing a miss can be in this universe, a beautiful small sap ( pg.102 ) . # 8221 ; One of the most of import subjects in the novel is category and societal standing in which East and West Egg acts as a symbol of this. Tom and Daisy live on the East, which is far more refined and good bred. Nick and Gatsby are on the West, which is for people who don # 8217 ; Ts have any existent standing, even if they have money. The green visible radiation radiances from the East Egg, pulling Gatsby towards what he ever wanted. And Daisy, the adult female that Gatsby has ever wanted, but neer gets, lives on East Egg. The barrier that the H2O creates between these universes is symbolic of the barrier that keeps these people apart from one another and from much of what they want. What the East and West Egg suggest about the American Dream is that no affair how much Gatsby doesn # 8217 ; t rest until his American Dream is fulfilled, it will neer come approximately, because he is on the opposite terminal of Daisy. The truth is that societal favoritism still exists and the differences among the categories can non be overcome. F. Scott Fitzgerald uses these symbols to show the demand for hope and dreams to give significance and intent in a individual # 8217 ; s life. Endeavoring towards some end is the manner a individual can experience a sense of engagement and an apprehension of his ain individuality. Gatsby has his gift of hope set against the empty being of Tom and Daisy. Fitzgerald states that the failure of hopes and dreams, the failure of the American Dream, is ineluctable because the ideals are in any instance normally excessively antic to be fulfilled Gatsby is obsessed with his end of carry throughing his dream. It is which makes him try the impossible, to reiterate the past and garbage to travel on. The symbols helped to give me a clearer apprehension of the novel because each symbol had a different significance which gave a more in-depth apprehension of the American Dream. It besides allow me cognize more about each character ; their defects, aspirations, and desires.

Free Essays on Anne Bradstreet And Phillis Wheatly

Phillis Wheatly and Anne Bradstreet Anne Bradstreet and Phillis Wheatly are two women in American Literature who are greatly respected for the works of poetry they have created. Phillis Wheatly is of a patriotic writer. Writing for the love she has for her country and countrymen. She is not shy when addressing the beauty of the land and its people. Whereas, Anne Bradstreet is more of an individual poet who draws on personal experiences based on her through her life. Both women are fabulous writers but have two different ways of writing. In Anne Bradstreet’s poem The Four Ages of Man she is writing about the birth and life of a child. The way the tone is set in this poem is a very melancholy dreary tone almost with a hint of hate. The emotions that this person is going through are feelings of not being worthy. In the poem it states that the child doesn’t even feel deserving of its own mother’s breast milk. And as this child develops Anne Bradstreet writes about lack of motivation this person has and thinks he will never amount to anything. Anne Bradstreet changes the somber tone for a more serious confessional like tone in To My Dear and Loving Husband. She expresses this love with straightforward statements that make the reader believe in this pure romance between this man and wife. In this she writes about her great romance with her husband that she loves and respects more than anything. Love is the most difficult thing to describe but I think she did an amazing job. When Anne Bradstreet said, â€Å"My love is such that rivers could not quench† she hit it right on the nose. Phillis Wheatly on the other hand takes a less personal approach and has a more global feel. In her poem On the Death of the Revered Mr. George Whitefield she writes about a well-respected man. The historical context she uses is the mention of the Countess of Huntington. Also the way Mr. Whitefield dreamed of America’s greatnes... Free Essays on Anne Bradstreet And Phillis Wheatly Free Essays on Anne Bradstreet And Phillis Wheatly Phillis Wheatly and Anne Bradstreet Anne Bradstreet and Phillis Wheatly are two women in American Literature who are greatly respected for the works of poetry they have created. Phillis Wheatly is of a patriotic writer. Writing for the love she has for her country and countrymen. She is not shy when addressing the beauty of the land and its people. Whereas, Anne Bradstreet is more of an individual poet who draws on personal experiences based on her through her life. Both women are fabulous writers but have two different ways of writing. In Anne Bradstreet’s poem The Four Ages of Man she is writing about the birth and life of a child. The way the tone is set in this poem is a very melancholy dreary tone almost with a hint of hate. The emotions that this person is going through are feelings of not being worthy. In the poem it states that the child doesn’t even feel deserving of its own mother’s breast milk. And as this child develops Anne Bradstreet writes about lack of motivation this person has and thinks he will never amount to anything. Anne Bradstreet changes the somber tone for a more serious confessional like tone in To My Dear and Loving Husband. She expresses this love with straightforward statements that make the reader believe in this pure romance between this man and wife. In this she writes about her great romance with her husband that she loves and respects more than anything. Love is the most difficult thing to describe but I think she did an amazing job. When Anne Bradstreet said, â€Å"My love is such that rivers could not quench† she hit it right on the nose. Phillis Wheatly on the other hand takes a less personal approach and has a more global feel. In her poem On the Death of the Revered Mr. George Whitefield she writes about a well-respected man. The historical context she uses is the mention of the Countess of Huntington. Also the way Mr. Whitefield dreamed of America’s greatnes...

Risk, Crisis and Disaster Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Risk, Crisis and Disaster Management - Essay Example In order to understand why this profession is needed, it is important to understand the current business world and how changes are needed. It is also important to understand why such changes are required to survive. Companies which do not realize the need for this profession are the ones which might suffer in the near future. However, there are many industries which are more prone to continuity dangers compared to other industries, and such industries need to make strategies to survive in this competitive world. Industries, which are less prone to continuity dangers, will also face need for change eventually to either excel or to survive in the long run. There is a need for such a profession and people in the business community are realizing this need. In order to understand the need, for distinct business continuity profession, it is required to understand what business continuity is and what skills are needed in this profession. By definition business continuity is the capability of an organization to continue its business operations in case of any incidents or problems. This way they can operate without interrupting their day to day business activities without influence of other harmful factors. (Honour, 2006) Business world is now global now with the 24 hours connectivity with people around the globe. The threats are also present 24 hours a day. There can be threats which may be simply natural catastrophic threats or may be business threats, which may just not only affect the profits of one company but can also damage the company in uncountable ways. Such dangers can affect the business by damaging the reputation, brand image, productivity, efficiency, etc. In worst case scenarios, Company may simply go out of business due to such dangers (Rojas, 2009). In this stage of business continuity, a plan is made in order to face any problems. This plan

Rockwell Hardness Testing Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rockwell Hardness Testing - Lab Report Example Hardness is a measure of the resistance of a metal to permanent (plastic) deformation. The hardness of the metal is measured by forcing an indenter into its surface. The indenter material which is usually a ball, pyramid, or cone, is made of a material much harder than the material being tested. For example, hardened steel, tungsten carbide, or diamond are commonly used materials for indenters. For most standard hardness tests a known load is applied slowly by pressing the indenter at 90 degrees into the metal surface being tested. After the indentation has been made, the indenter is withdrawn from the surface as shown in the figure. An empirical hardness number is then calculated or read off a dial (or digital display), which is based on the cross-sectional area of depth of the impression. The hardness of a metal depends on the ease with which it plastically deforms. Thus a relationship between hardness and strength for a particular metal can be determined empirically. The hardness test is much simpler than the tensile test and can be nondestructive (i.e., the small indentation of the indenter may not be detrimental to the use of an object). For these reasons, the hardness test is used extensively in industry for quality control. The Rockwell Hardness test consists of many different scales for a range of different hardnesses. The B and C scale are the types used in this experiment. The B scale uses the spherical steel penetrator and the C scale uses the diamond cone shaped penetrator. Procedure for Experiment 1. Make certain the crank .It is kept in forward position, nearest to you. 2. Place the sample on the anvil, in position for test. 3. Select 100 and 150 kg combination of weights (being at the rear of the machine) . 4. Slowly turn the wheel spokes clockwise. This raises the anvil and sample toward the penetrator tip. After contact is gently made, continue raising sample until small pointer is about in line with the small black dot and the large pointer is within the colored sector. The minor load has now been applied to the sample. 5. After step 4, the large pointer on the dial is nearly vertical. Now, turn the knurled collar until the SET line on the dial scale is in line with and under the large pointer . 6. Depress the trip lever. This triggers the mechanism that applies the major load. The crank will automatically move away from you. 7. After the crank has come to rest, gently pull the crank back toward you as far as it will go. If this is done abruptly, a false reading

Electronic Medical Record (EMR) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Electronic Medical Record (EMR) - Essay Example In each step of transition, each stakeholder is considered to ensure that each need is addressed at optimum levels. These stakeholders primarily consist of the health care providers and recipient-patients. The medical industry is just one of those industries who capitalize in human resource and invest on meeting human needs. Thus, it is not surprising to find this industry integrating well with its technological advances the human factors -- providers and patients. A particular technological advancement that is taking its slow yet comprehensive steps in the health care industry is the Electronic Medical Record or EMR. Basically, this type of information-capture is the digitized copy of the tangible and printed medical reports traditionally used by the healthcare providers. Pressing needs in the industry’s record-keeping component and the desire for higher operational efficiencies, as well as the great potential of addressing these through the EMR had led to the scrutinizing an d inevitable debate of this technology’s advantages and disadvantages. Disadvantages A primary disadvantage of most technological advancement, and where EMR is not an exception, is its reliance to energy (i.e., electricity). Next in line of these primary drawbacks is the slow system run, as well as hardware issues (Wager, Lee, White, Ward, & Ornstein, 2000). The disadvantages of EMR lie on the delays and possible discrepancies (occurring during delay or information transfer from paper to a computer) that providers have to face on instances of energy disruption, software, or hardware malfunction. Indeed, a physician assistant once remarked, "everything comes to a screeching halt when the system is down. You have to, all of a sudden, remember how to handwrite prescriptions† (Wager et al., 2000, Results section, para. 9). The assistant’s statement presented another learning deficiency that once providers get to rely too much on the EMR, they became less adept to the simple, fundamentals of the manual record keeping. The impact of these disadvantages to the providers maybe a bit similar to the patients. If these disadvantages occur temporarily, then its impact to patients is limited. However, in the long run and in total count, these disadvantages may transform into huge losses in the supposedly saved costs of utilizing EMRs. Advantages The advantages of the EMR evidently lie on the justification of its invention in the first place. Its existence was meant to aid the health care industry in advancing its record-keeping component. Moreover, EMR was envisioned to mobilize a lot of other medical service transactions through the unified integration of transitory information and multiple department access (which have to be granted to make this integration possible). Mitchell and Haroun (2011) enumerated EMR’s advantages: 1) its systems-inclusion capability, which does the ‘coordinating’ function for the different departmental ser vices; and 2) its cautionary and informativity feature, which promote the utilization of a uniform, patient-and-provider reference to medication and treatment protocol. Both of these advantages serve to address the flexible and real-time integration needed to speed the flow of the healthcare service transactions and synchronize with it the organized and useful output of patient data. Consequently, these concerns that used

Understanding Optimized Production Technology

Understanding Optimized Production Technology Drum-Buffer-Rope (DBR) is the Theory of Constraints (TOC) production planning methodology originated by Eliyahu M. Goldratt in the 1980s. In fact, the concepts of DBR actually preceded the Five-Focusing-Steps and the notion of the throughput world in the development of the TOC paradigm. While the DBR method is much simpler than the older Optimized Production Technology (OPT) algorithm and the recent Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS) systems, for many production environments, especially those not currently- or consistently- dominated by an active internal bottleneck, an even simpler method can be adopted. We call this method S-DBR, to distinguish it from the traditional model, which well refer to as traditional DBR. S-DBR is based on the same concepts as traditional DBR and is certainly in harmony with TOC and the Five Focusing Steps. What distinguishes it from traditional DBR is its assumption of market demand as the major system constraint, even when an internal capacity constraint temporarily emerges. S-DBR can be easily supported by traditional ERP/MRP systems and it is specifically intended to deal with fluctuating market demand. Optimized Production Technology (OPT) 1. What is Optimized Production Technology? 2. What is the aim of Optimized Production Technology? 3. What are the main features of OPT? 4. How OPT can be developed? 5. How OPT is operated? 6. What are the benefits achieved from OPT? DEFINITION Optimized production technology is proprietary scheduling system using, computer software which was originally developed by Dr. Eliyahu Galodratt and colleagues who recognized that one of the most complex problems facing manufacturing organizations was that of shop-floor scheduling. The system is based on the concept that there are two fundamental manufacturing phenomena: Dependent events. All processes rely upon the completion of preceding operations. Statistical fluctuations. Process times fluctuate around an average. The effect of these phenomena is that the capacity of a plant must be unbalanced and therefore bottlenecks are inevitable. As defined by Johnson, the OPT method of scheduling dictates that material should only be launched on to the shopfloor at the rate at which it is consumed by the bottleneck. Furthermore, a time buffer of work should protect the production in the bottleneck. This means, that work scheduled for day three arrives on day one, creating a buffer of two days as protection against disruption in operations before the bottleneck. AIM OF OPT The aim of OPT is to schedule bottleneck capacity in an efficient way. This schedule is the master for the demand placed on other capacities. MAIN FEATURES OF OPT The main features of OPT are described by Fax as follows: Balance flow not capacity. The level of utilization of any part of the system, which is not a bottleneck, is dependent on other constraints in the system, not the potential of the worker. The utilization and activation of a resource are not synonymous. An hour lost at the bottleneck is an hour lost for the total system. An hour saved at a non-bottleneck is just a mirage. Bottlenecks govern both throughput and inventories. The transfer batch may not, and many times should not be equal to the process batch. The process batch should be variable, not fixed. Schedules should be established by looking at all the constraints simultaneously. Lead times are the results of the schedule and cannot be predetermined. DEVELOPING OPT The steps used to develop OPT consist of the following: Preparation. Measuring performance, project planning and identifying hardware and software requirements. Plant analysis. Analyzing the manufacturing processes and how they are managed. Bottleneck analysis. (A bottleneck is defined as a resource where capacity is equal to or less than the demand being placed upon it.) This is conducted by analyzing work in progress and shortages vs. excesses (potential bottlenecks are those resources which appear on the shortage list but not the excess list). Computer modeling. This is the process of developing the engineering network and instructing the OPT scheduler how to interpret details concerning the manufacture of products such as dependent set-ups, critical material, fixed batch quantities, maximum batch quantities, consumable tools, rework and uninterruptible processes. Data will be fed into the model concerning routines, bills of material and customer demand. Data definition. Establishing what data is required to be fed into the system. Defining outputs. The output will be a master production schedule (MPS), which is achieved by constraint capacity planning. This provides the basis for the process of demand management using the OPT software to carry out the scheduling the OPT identifies the relevant demand and controls the build accordingly. OPERATING OPT OPT is operated through OPT software which has been developed to control complex manufacturing processes. The software will model the process and produce the schedules in the shape ofmaterial and capacity plans using the OPT bottleneck forward-loading techniques. The shopfloor control system will then monitor progress against the schedule and initiate any action to overcome shortfalls. BENEFITS The benefits claimed for OPT are that it will schedule finite resources in order to achieve maximum factory effectiveness. The scheduling system: Addresses the key problem of bottlenecks. Improves profitability by simultaneously increasing throughput. Reduces inventory and operating expenses. Manufacturing Strategy Part 6: Optimised Production Technology (OPT) Introduction OPT is possibly the most radical of the 3 production strategies to be discussed as it requires a new way of thinking, not only about production but also about the basic accounting principles. In many areas this demands radical or revised thinking by our accountants and new approaches to the fundamentals of accounting. OPT begins by stating that the goal of a manufacturing business is to make money both now and in the future. This might seem to be rather simple but it provides a framework for all the other decisions involved in the business. The aim of OPT is to increase throughput (the rate at which the company generates money through sales) whilst simultaneously decreasing inventory and operating expense. If an action does not directly improve one of the three measures then it is irrelevant at best and damaging at worst, do not do it. The traditional approach has been to optimise each sub-system irrespective of its importance (i.e. to improve the output of the welder) but the OPT approach is to optimise the total system to maximise throughput (i.e. if the welder is not limiting your throughput then dont work on it and put your efforts somewhere else). OPT states that the optimum of each sub-system is not necessarily the optimum of the whole system. OPT defines a bottleneck as any resource whose capacity is equal to or less than the market demand placed upon it. The bottleneck is thus the constraint that is preventing increased throughput from your factory. Improvements here will tend to optimise the whole system and have an increased payback by directly increasing throughput. Bottlenecks are easy to spot in the average factory they are the operations that have lots of work in progress stacked up in front of them. In this sense a non-bottleneck is any resource whose capacity is greater than the market demand placed on it and improvements here will be irrelevant in terms of increased throughput. Figure 1: Spotting the bottlenecks Operation C is the obvious bottleneck for the factory. Running A at capacity will lead to a build up of inventory in front of B. Running B at capacity will lead to a massive build up in inventory in front of C. Investment or improvement in A, B or D will do nothing to improve throughput, the only meaningful investment area would be C where the ability of the plant to earn money can be rapidly improved. Operation C must be protected from loss of output for any reason. It is the operation that controls the income of the factory. In reality the choice is never this clear and the important thing is to balance the flow and not the capacity. The bottleneck concept is best explained in the hiking analogy from The Goal. The speed of a group of hikers needs to be maximised to get to the campsite by nightfall but the actual speed of the whole group is limited by the speed of the slowest hiker (the bottleneck). Placing the slowest hiker at the front of the group slows down the whole group and increases the time required i.e. reduces the throughput. Placing the slowest hiker anywhere else in the group still slows the whole group and also increases the length of the group (the inventory). Thus the only way to reduce the length (the inventory) and achieve the fastest transit time the throughput) is to find a way of moving the slowest hiker faster i.e. working on the bottleneck. An hour lost at a bottleneck, for any reason is an hour to the whole system and cannot be recovered. Dont think you can get it back later because the way we defined a bottleneck means that you cannot. The cost for this lost hour is the total cost of running the whole factory for one hour, after all the bottleneck is governing the throughput. Factory scheduling is at the heart of OPT and a critical factor in this is the location and elimination or management of bottlenecks, a fact which is not explicitly dealt with by JIT. The set up time reduction techniques of JIT appear again but are not formally recognised by OPT. An hour saved in the set-up time of a bottleneck is an hour saved for the whole system. OPT goes on to say that an hour saved on a non-bottleneck machine simply increases inventory and does nothing to improve throughput. It is wasted effort, so dont do it. In a sense OPT shares a lot of philosophy with JIT and both concentrate on quality, lead times, lot sizes and machine set-up times. A major difference is that OPT regards the river and rocks analogy of JIT as being fundamentally flawed. In OPT terms the river is not the flat evenly flowing stream that JIT assumes but has waves on inventory moving through it depending on the order situation in the factory. All can be fine until the inventory is at the trough of a wave. If you hit a problem then it is likely to rip the bottom out of the boat and sink the business! The OPT approach is much more like reality than the JIT approach in this situation, in other words dont take any analogy too far. An underlying rule forgotten at your peril. Figure 2: The OPT view of rocks in the river In the same way OPT shares a computer based approach with MRPII and both require a large complex database of product and machine information for schedule calculation. OPT also requires information on how the product is made, the route through the factory and both set-up and run times. OPT can generally pirate a lot of this information from an existing MRPII system. One problem with MRPII is that it ignores the in-build variation of any machine and assumes that a machine will work at capacity at all times. OPT is more realistic in accepting that the actual capacity is affected by statistical fluctuations and a dependence on previous operations to supply product for processing. In many cases this makes MRPII scheduling unrealistic and time buffers are built in to cater for this. OPT can be more realistic in scheduling than MRPII by taking this into account and also allowing for improvement in times and routing. OPT is based on a set of rules which need to be adopted completely by management and basic statements are incorporated into these rules. The OPT rules Balance the flow, not the capacity. Let bottlenecks determine usage of the non-bottlenecks and do not seek machine utilisation. If a resource is activated when output cannot get through the constraint then all it produces is inventory. Utilisation and activation of a resource are not the same thing. Activation is when a resource is working but utilisation is when it is working and doing useful work. Producing stock for inventory is not useful work. An hour lost at a bottleneck is an hour lost for the whole system and cannot be recovered. An hour saved at a non-bottleneck is a mirage. Bottlenecks govern both throughput and inventory. A transfer batch is not necessarily equal to a process batch i.e. just because you have to cut 20 frames at a time on the optimiser saw it does not mean that you have to push them all on to the welder at one time. You can break the process batch (20 frames) down into small transfer batches (1 order). Process batches should be variable and not fixed. Later work shows that the best results are achieved by using a drum-buffer-rope technique to control the system. You must first find the true bottlenecks that govern the factory throughput. The bottlenecks that beat out the pace like a drum for the whole factory should be kept fully scheduled and working at all times. The bottlenecks must be protected against any interruption caused by breakdowns, quality, set-up times, labour concerns or any other variation. This protection is achieved by building in time buffers. These are a focus for process improvements. All other operations are then synchronised to the bottleneck operation and work is pulled through as if it were on a rope. Without computers the drum-buffer-rope concept works very well for limited variety production. The introduction of variety leads to shifting bottlenecks and the need for complex computer software to run the system. OPT requires maximising the flow of materials and rarely requires large investment in machinery or restructuring of the plant. By improving the flow of the product OPT seeks to get inventory moving and can make an immediate financial impact. OPT needs to be carried through to the whole company and encourages the view of the production area as a real profit maker for the company. For and Against For Quickly targets areas of concern (bottlenecks, quality set up times, high inventories). Incorporates some production and MRP. Quick results. Gives financial feedback. Suitable for discrete, batch and process industries. Possible to grow into via partial implementation at a practical level. Easily understood by the shop floor. Against Challenges traditional cost accounting. Requires simulation modelling of the process. Needs good database. Must go via one consultancy company. Summary OPT is relatively new in terms of production management systems and is an overall philosophy for running the business rather than simply being about production management. OPT starts by assuming that manufacturing is all about making money and looks at optimising the complete system to achieve this rather than just optimising individual operations on a piecemeal basis. OPT is a proprietary system in the full version (rather than just the philosophy) owned by a software and consultancy company. This does not prevent the adoption of some of the excellent ideas it contains and generates. OPT is a trademark of the Scheduling Technology Group. The only, but excellent, book on the subject is The Goal by E Goldratt and J Cox. In the previous pages we have looked at 3 different methods of production management and have reviewed the significant areas for improvement and change. As an overall summary MRPII does not seek to change anything whereas JIT actually forces a fundamental but painful search for excellence. OPT is probably even more powerful because it uses many of the JIT ideas and also follows through into the overall system. The current strategy of many companies uses a blend of these three main methods at various points in the company to achieve the right blend of success. The Manufacturing Strategy Series The Manufacturing Strategy series is designed to give production managers and their staff some insights into new manufacturing methods and to prompt the industry into considering the benefits of alternative approaches to manufacturing. The series is: Part 1: Setting the strategy Part 2: The systems and MRP II Part 3: Just in time (1) Part 4: Just in time (2) Part 5: Just in time (3) Part 6: Optimised Production Technology (OPT) (This section) Part 7: A fundamental quality Part 8: Quality management techniques tools Part 9: Theres no accounting for manufacturing strategy Part 10: Performance measurement Part 11: Changing roles and things to do NOW! Last edited: 29/03/04 Â © Tangram Technology Ltd. 2001 Our standard disclaimer regarding Internet data applies. dvanced planning and scheduling Clients in the consumer products manufacturing and process industry have revealed that many are interested in knowing more about how advanced planning and scheduling (APS) systems can support them in making the right decisions to drive supply chain benefits. More and more companies are in the process of implementing such a system to further optimize their planning processes. To learn more, read the following book exerpt: How to Get the Most Out of Your Supply Chain An overview of Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS) systems in the consumer products manufacturing and process industry by Deloittes Rhiannon Davies, Nadine Diepeveen, Erik Diks and Vincent Vloemans. Published December 2002. Requirements driving APS Pressure on performance has been steadily increasing over the last decade, and it does not appear to be abating. But where can a company still squeeze out performance improvement? According to Gartner, a leading technology research and advisory firm, supply chain management is one of the key differentiators for the future. Gartner researchers predict that: By 2004, 90 per cent of companies that fail to apply supply chain management technology and processes to increase their flexibility will lose their status as preferred suppliers (0.8 probability). Through 2005, organizations that implement supply chain planning applications with a continuous improvement program will increase ROI by 40% during a 5 year lifecycle (0.7 probability). Changing business requirements and markets are making effective supply chain management and the resulting competitiveness and flexibility more important. Customers are demanding more flexibility, more visibility of availability, more speed and highly customized products. To provide this information, more and more emphasis is put on the supply chain planning capabilities to allow the visibility along the supply chain to react quickly to changing customer demand in a cost competitive way. The alternative to reliable planning is a fully flexible supply chain. Some companies have made good headway in this area, but for many, the cost of this full flexibility is till too high. At Deloitte, we recommend balancing planning improvements with increasing flexibility in the supply chain and continuous development of supply chain professionals. Discussions with our clients in the consumer products manufacturing and process industry have revealed that many are interested in knowing more about how APS systems can support them in making the right decisions to drive supply chain benefits. More and more companies are in the process of implementing such a system to further optimize their planning processes. This book will help our clients to answer the following questions: What is an APS system and what role do they play in supply chain optimization? How APS is different from ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)? To what businesses could it apply? Will it apply to my business? How? What are the benefits that could be gained from such a system? Who are the key vendors of APS systems? How can I choose which vendor to use for my organization? How are APS packages implemented and how can I apply this methodology to my own organization? The book is written in cooperation with the 10 major APS vendors in consumer products manufacturing and process industry. As sort of an APS primer, the book includes profiles of each vendor, listing the company, its strategy, product technology, functionality and other important information. But the book also is appropriate for readers with a strong knowledge of APS, providing them with up-to-date knowledge of technology and vendors. The APS vendor assessment APS applications cover various domains in supply chain management. To structure the discussion on APS, we introduce our APS reference model. This model serves as a guideline for the general building blocks of an APS system, and allows for a level comparison of the functionality of the various vendors. Furthermore, we discuss the most common models and techniques used by APS packages and assess the level of sophistication of the functionality provided by each vendor in each of the areas outlined in the APS reference model. Each industry has its own specific business issues and these must be addressed during the definition of the requirements that need to be met by an APS package. For example, in the process industry tank planning and dealing with shelf life are usually required, whereas in the high tech industry, complex capacity planning with many constraints. We concentrate on APS packages that cover most requirements in the consumer business and process industry. We provide a classification of consumer business manufacturers to explain the different requirements that need to be addressed by an APS package. We also describe how major changes in the business environment, as well as process and technology innovations impact the requirements on APS software. To provide an up-to-date overview of the software capabilities offered by major APS vendors in the consumer products manufacturing and process industry arena, we performed a large survey among the largest APS vendors within the consumer business and process arena, including Adexa, Agilisys, Aspen Tech, Baan, i2, Logility, Manugistics, Oracle and SAP. We took a two-stage approach to the survey process. First, each vendor filled out a questionnaire that gave insight into the company, its strategy, its product and footprint, product strategy and development plans to allow us to better understand and position their capabilities. Second, we visited each vendor to discuss in more detail their answers to the survey, to view demonstrations of how their product functionality really answers supply chain planning requirements, and to get an impression of their product and company. The vendor analysis in the book is structured to allow easy comparison of vendor capabilities. First, we inventarize the capabilities of each of the vendors per functional area as outlined in the aforementioned APS reference model. Second, we compare the vendors by their industry focus and their technology capabilities. Finally, per vendor we give an overview of their user interface functionality and development areas. Selection and implementation methodology One of the objectives of the book is to serve as a guide to support the initial selection of the APS application/vendor that best meets the business needs of our clients. As such, in addition to providing a vendor selection methodology, we explain Our proven five step methodology to implement an APS system. We explain each step in detail, as well as our methods and the tools we use during an APS implementation. Finally, we provide some lessons learned (secrets of our success) based on our practical implementation experience at numerous customers. Advanced Planning Scheduling (APS) For complex planning scheduling activities especially those that are heavily constrained or require multi-stage scheduling and frequent re-scheduling our experience is that off-the-shelf software packages just dont work. Because of the many differences between problem types and industries, you often end up with a rigid system with preset objectives, logic, and scope, which doesnt quite fit your core operation. Because our Advanced Planning Scheduling (APS) system is tailored to your unique business rules, constraints, and processes, it can be used to optimise a wide variety of planning scheduling activities, including Production-line planning, scheduling, and sequencing Labour planning and timetabling Maintenance planning scheduling Equipment planning scheduling Media planning Features and benefits of our APS system include: Creating schedules that are optimised for cost, profit, or client-defined objectives (service levels, utilization, etc.) Increased delivery on time and in full (DIFOT) Reduced work-in-progress and finished goods inventory Reduced planning time Dynamically re-optimising around unexpected changes in demand and other events Conducting financial what-if analysis and scenario comparison Setting more than one objective/goal and analysing the trade-offs Centralising the planning and scheduling function across multiple plants Optimising across multiple production stages or steps Evaluating the impact of your business rules, processes, and constraints Seamless connection with your existing databases, MRP/ERP systems, and other enterprise software HOT NEWS March 2010 Â » ORDINA signs partner agreement with ICRON. HomeSolutions Advanced Planning and Scheduling Planning and scheduling has never been easy, but today it is far more challenging than it was a decade ago. Planners are feeling more and more pressure to generate accurate and timely plans by considering complex production and supply chain environment, ever changing demand, heavy constraints, conflicting business objectives and processes. And to make things worse, traditional tools at hand are becoming obsolete: spreadsheet based manual planning and scheduling cannot cope with the complexity, your ERP system hardly helps and there is no off the shelf product which can address your unique production environment and supply chain network. What you need is a flexible and reliable Advanced Planning and Scheduling solutions which is tailored for your unique requirements. With 15+ years of experience in Supply Chain Optimization, ICRON Technologies provides ICRON Advanced Planning and Scheduling (ICRON APS) solution to revolutionize your planning and scheduling activities by its mature, cutting-edge technology, and innovative modeling and implementation practices. ICRON APS provides optimized, automatically generated plans and schedules while simultaneously considering demand, resource and material constraints and business objectives. Benefits and features of ICRON APS are: ICRON APS provides significant cost and waste reduction by optimization based on user defined objectives (reduced cost of early/late job completion, inventory, overtime, transportation, reduced WIP times, etc.). ICRON APS greatly improves available-to-promise and capable-to-promise capabilities by generating realistic completion times for individual operations and jobs on entire supply chain network. This quickly translates into increased customer satisfaction. ICRON APS provides feasible, finite capacity schedules which can be readily published to the shop floor. ICRON APS significantly reduces the planning time. ICRON automatically performs most of the schedule generation activities and produces schedules in minutes rather than hours or days. ICRON APS provides tremendous what-if analysis capability. With its speed, accuracy easily generates as many scenarios as user requires and provides user friendly, efficiently tools for planner and management to selects the best scenario to be used as the official plan. ICRON APS maximizes the resource utilization by reducing the setup times by better sequencing, especially when sequence dependent setups exist. ICRON APS provides you fast rescheduling capability to respond to frequent changes. With ICRON, the production planning shifts from reactive, fire fighting planning to proactive, strategic planning. ICRON APS integrates and centralizes the planning and scheduling along the entire supply chain network. Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS) -Techniques that deal with analysis and planning of logistics and manufacturing during short, intermediate and long-term time periods. APS describes any computer program that uses advanced mathematical algorithms or logic to perform optimization or simulation on finite capacity scheduling, sourcing, capital planning, resource planning, forecasting, demand management, and others. These techniques simultaneously consider a range of constraints and business rules to provide real-time planning and scheduling, decision support, available-to-promise, and capable-to-promise capabilities. APS often generates and evaluates multiple scenarios. Management then selects one scenario to use as the official plan. The five main components of APS systems are Demand Planning, Production Planning, Production Scheduling, Distribution Planning, and Transportation Planning.

Essay --

Phase 2 Botanical Healing DB 2 How new are herbs for you? Well a confession is in order. Over the years, many people talked about herbs of one type or another, but it seems like a waste of time and money. Well, here at CTU for the first time confronted with finding out what was thought as senseless now, makes a lot of sense. To learn about herbals, visiting 2 Herbal stores, checking the price, researching herbs to educate the patient of the need to inform the physician of all medicine and herbs they are taking. Therefore, the patient will be knowledgeable of their names, what they use for, the contraindications/side effects and interactions that may affect any conventional medications they may use. Aloe Vera is the name of the herbal supplement is a â€Å"type of dietary supplement that contains herbs, either singly or in mixtures.† (Herbal Supplements: Consider, n.d.) The common name of Aloe vera consists of aloe, burn plant, lily of the desert, and elephant’s gall. Aloe Vera is a plant that yields a gelatinous substance. Also, Aloe vera is bought in the form of capsules, tablets, juice, gel ointment, and creams. The dose for liquids is 1ml to 20ml, because Aloe vera comes in many different forms and doses that are dependent on what their use. â€Å"Foster, Hunter, & Samman, in (2011) states, that there are no serious adverse reactions reported following Aloe vera administration. In case reports, use of aloe vera produces hypersensitivity and allergic responses.† Also, â€Å"topical use results in contact dermatitis and oral use may cause diarrhea or vomiting (Foster, Hunter, & Samman, 2011).† In rare cases, severe â€Å"adverse effects with oral use of Aloe vera can be induced acute hepatiti... ...tp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92765 National Institute of health,(2013). Evening primrose oil Retrieved February 2013 from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/1006.html National Institute of Health,(n.d.). Green tea and green tea extracts contain caffeine Garlic Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/naturGreen tea and green tea extracts contain caffeine.al/300.html National Institute of Health,(2011). Green Tea Retrieved October 2011 from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/960.html#Drug Segal, R., & Pilote, L.,(2006). Warfarin interaction with Matricaria chamomile, CMAJ: 174(9), 1281-1282. Doi.101503/cmaj.051191 PMCID: PMC1535958 Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih,gov/pmc/articles/PMC â€Å"What is Echinacea†-WebMD answers-Get answers Retrieved from http://www.answers.webmd.com/answers/118248/what

The Hill Reaction and Light Wattage

Wabash College| The Effects of Light Wattage on the Rate of the Hill Reaction| | | Mark Stoops| 11/29/2012| | Introduction: In the Hill Reaction lab we will be measuring the rate of photosynthesis in light dependent reactions. The goal is to measure the change of absorbance of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP) and examine the rate of the photosynthetic reactions using this data. The Hill Reaction can be used to study photosynthesis because we can directly measure the rate of the reaction of photosynthesis using DCIP.The Hill Reaction is defined as the photo reduction of an electron acceptor by the hydrogen ions from water, which then produce oxygen. In naturally occurring reactions NADP+ is the final electron acceptor. In the Hill Reaction we will be using 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP) as an electron acceptor instead of NADP+. DCIP is blue in its oxidized state and is colorless in its reduced form. This change in color can be utilized. As the photosynthetic reaction proceeds the DCIP will become increasing transparent. This reduction in blue color leads to change in absorbance and can be measured by the spectrophotometer in lab.Using the Hill Reaction, we hypothesized that the amount of light,(change in wattage) affects the rate of change of absorbance of DCIP in solution. In order to test our hypothesis we set up the experiment with three different strengths of light (15W, 60W, 120W), as well as a light free, negative control. Each run was conducted for ten minutes under similar conditions with a difference in wattage being the only variable. The negative control was conducted with no light to see how the reaction would proceed with no external influences. Having a control allows us to have a baseline of comparison for our three lighted runs.Due to the fact that light dependent reactions use light, we can predict that an increase in the amount of light will increase the rate of reaction of photosynthesis, thus lowering the absorbance. We can also predi ct that our control will have no change in absorption after a ten minute period without light. Method: To begin the Hill Reaction we first isolated the chloroplasts. This was done by placing the pieces of leaves into a mortar with 15ml of ice cold NaCl-buffer. The mixture was then ground for two minutes. After grinding the leaves we filtered the solution through 8 layers of cheesecloth.The juice was rung out and the solution put into a 15ml centrifuge tube. The solution was than centrifuged for one minute at 400xg. Then we decanted the supernatant into another clean, chilled centrifuge tube and spun it at 1000xg for 5 minutes. After the centrifuge process, we decanted the supernatant and suspended the pellet in 7ml of ice cold Nacl. This solution was kept on ice the entire time of experiment. To begin our runs we made a warm water bath for our solutions, then prepared the solutions shown in Figure 1 below. | NaCl buffer| DCIP| DI H2O| Chloroplats (on ice)| Blank| 3. 5 ml| -| 1. 0ml| 0. 5 ml|Control | 3. 5 ml| 0. 5ml| 0. 5ml| 0. 5 ml| Reaction 15W| 3. 5 ml| 0. 5ml| 0. 5ml| 0. 5 ml| Reaction 60W| 3. 5 ml| 0. 5ml| 0. 5ml| 0. 5 ml| Reaction 120W| 3. 5 ml| 0. 5ml| 0. 5ml| 0. 5 ml| Figure 1. Experimental solutions to be prepared in lab. The blank solution was used to zero our spectrophotometer. To zero our spectrophotometer, we used the instructions provided at the spectrophotometer. To prepare the control, we added all solutions shown above and then wrapped it in two layers of aluminum foil to completely block any sources of light. After 10 minutes the control absorbance was tested to provide a negative control.We prepared the 15W, 60W, and 120W reaction tubes immediately before each respective run to avoid light pollution. The procedure we used to test each solution was to prepare the tube and place it 25cm from the source of light. Then, turn on the light and leave it on for a minute. Then at the minute mark the light was turned off and the clock stopped. The tub e was placed in the spectrophotometer and a reading was taken. Then the tube was returned to the water bath, the light turned on, and the clock started. We followed this procedure for ten times for a total of 10 minutes for each solution.The only difference between runs was the changing of bulb wattage. Results: How does the amount of light affect the rate of reaction of photosynthesis and therefore absorbance of the DCIP solution? The data shown in Figure 2 is the results of three reaction runs and a negative control run. The time in minutes is shown on the left and the percent absorbance of the 15W, 60W, 120W, and negative control run are provided in the subsequent columns. Time (minutes)| 15W %A| 60W %A| 120W %A| Negative control| 0| 1. 1| 0. 99| 0. 89| | 1| 1. 09| 0. 945| 0. 716| | 2| 1. 08| 0. 9| 0. 55| | 3| 1. 8| 0. 815| 0. 422| | 4| 1. 07| 0. 772| 0. 322| | 5| 1. 06| 0. 702| 0. 237| | 6| 1. 07| 0. 638| 0. 176| | 7| 1. 055| 0. 578| 0. 125| | 8| 1. 05| 0. 53| 0. 088| | 9| 1. 03 5| 0. 464| 0. 064| | 10| 1. 025| 0. 408| 0. 032| 1. 11| Figure 2. Data values for absorbance of DCIP solutions on a one minute basis. Also shown is the negative control with absorbance taken at 10 minutes. Figure 3 shows us a visual of the data in Figure 2. Figure 3. Time in minutes versus % absorbance of 15W, 60W, 120W, and negative control runs. Figure 4. The effect of bulb wattage on rate of absorbance. Discussion:Our results for our data runs show a common theme which is, the amount of light does have an effect on the rate of photosynthetic reaction. We can see by looking at the data in Figure 2 and depicted in Figure 3 that the amount of light has a direct influence on the rate of absorbance. The 15W run has a very small decline ending with a change in absorbance of only 7. 5%. The 60W bulb shows a change in absorbance of 58. 2%, and the 120W shows a change of 85. 8%, with a final absorption of almost 0. As shown in Figure 4, the rates of change of the 15W, 60W, and 120W runs a re 0. 75%, 5. 8%, and 13. 06 % absorbance/minute respectively.These results show that the higher the wattage, the faster DCIP turns clear, and the faster photosynthesis proceeds. Although the total change and rate of change of the 120W bulb are greatest, the reaction slows down towards the end of the run, as shown in Figure 3. This slowing of the reaction means that the amount of DCIP in its reduced state is very high, and can no longer accept electrons. This corresponds to Figure 3 because the absorbance is 3. 2% at the end. Which show a very low level of DCIP in the oxidized state. If the DCIP is no longer oxidized it can’t accept electrons which is a vital step in the light dependent reaction.Therefore we expect to observe a slowing of the reaction, and this is seen in Figure 3. The positive and negative controls give us a reference to compare our results to. In our case the 60W run is our positive control and is used in our data runs as a part of our data. It shows a line ar decline in absorbance providing a solid point of reference for a normally functioning system. The negative control provides a reference to a non-functioning Hill Reaction. The negative control shows a system without light and shows that the system will not react without sunlight. It also provides a base for 100% absorbance for each run.In conclusion our data does support our hypothesis and our prediction. As shown in the results, a change in the amount of light will produce a change in rate of the photosynthetic reaction. We predicted that a higher wattage will increase the rate. This was indeed shown in figure 2, with the 120W bulb showing the highest rate of reaction, and the 15W bulb with the slowest rate of synthetic reaction. Also we predicted that the negative control would show no reaction without light. This was supported as shown in Figure 2 with no change in absorption over the 10 min period.To test if the slowing of the reaction is due to a shortage of oxidized DCIP in solution, and not from high wattage, I would run each experiment again for a longer period of time. By doing this it would allow each run to reach a lower absorption. At this low absorption we would expect the rate to slow down due to the lack of oxidized DCIP. If this were true, each wattage would show the same slowing effect at low absorption. If the slowing of the reaction is not observed, the change would be due to a different reason such as a high wattage reducing DCIP’s functionality over time. References: Biology 111 Lab Manual. 2012

senior reflection Essay

senior reflection Essay senior reflection Essay SENIOR REFLECTION The learner profile that I believe well describes me is open-mined. I choose this learner profile because I understand and appreciate my own culture or other and personal history, and I am open to the perspective, value and traditions of other individuals and communities. There are a lot of different people from other countries like me in class, and school. I respect them from what they are, their culture. The learner profile that I believe I have grown the most over the past is communicators. As a student who just move last year from another country to United Stated. There are a lot of different things. For me, the first problem is communicated with people. At the beginning, I was able to talk with my teachers and classmates. The thing is I can understand what people say, but I am not able to reply back. After a lot of practice, and especially practice by communicating with people, and friends, I was getting better and better. I had learned a lot since I came here. I had more experi ence through life and I had more knowledge in school. Here are some evidences. There varied experience over years be a Seahawk, it shaped me into what I am today. I learned a lot of things past couple years. Summer 2011, when I was in Vietnam, I helped my church to take care of the kids. It was called Bible Camp. Different experience that I’ve been through, I showed my responsibility take care of them. I taught them drawing, and make DIY stuff. I used inquires because I enjoyed what I was learning that summer. It helped me feel confidence to talk to the kids, which I usually didn’t. I used thinker because kids are always hyper and they don’t want to listen, so I tried to find a way that make them follow, and happy with it. I was really enjoyed this experience. The kids were cute and amazing. It was a great experience I had ever had so far! Last year, when I was in 11th grade, I had an art project. Art is my favorite subject. The project was about drawing your subject and leaved it blank then decorates the outside subject. I had to organize. I made it clean. I was open-minded to create the project, think of creatively, and different patterns. I used risk takers. I explored new idea that I can make a pattern more when it close and less when it far. I had to be really carefully because the project has to use pen to draw. If I draw wrong, there was no way I could fix it. I used my imagination to picture the project on my mind. This year, 2012-2013, I had to take Chemistry class. Chemistry is the class that